Class 12 history Ch-1 Notes: In this post, we were given very important notes of Class 12 history Ch-1, Bricks, Beads, and Bones The Harappan Civilisation. In this post, you get upcoming very important questions and its answer in a very simple way.
NCERT Class 12 History Ch-1 Notes & Q/A
| Class | 12th |
| Chapter | 1 |
| Chapter Name | Bricks, Beads, and Bones The Harappan Civilisation |
| Board | CBSE |
| Book | NCERT |
| Subject | History |
| Medium | English / History |
| Study Materials | Free Study Materials are Available |
Quick information about Harappan Civilisation
Harappan Civilisation: it is known that one-room houses to big buildings were built. There were many types of dwelling houses, which were mostly made of burnt bricks and mud. The houses were of several floors. Stairs were often used to go up. Skylights and doors were used to let air and sunlight into the houses. Every house had a kitchen and a bathroom. The second type of building was known as the Pooja Griha or the Public Hall which was used to conduct the business of the state. The third type of building was the public bath. Probably the biggest bathhouse was in Mohenjodaro.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS | Class 12 history Ch-1 Notes
Q. 1. Why is Indus Valley Civilization called Harappan Culture?
Ans.
(i) Indus Valley Civilization was first discovered at a place called Harappa. That’s why it is called Harappan culture.
(ii) It was first discovered in 1921 by Dayaram Sahni.
Q.2. What do you understand about early and late Harappan cultures?
Ans.
(i) Cultures existed before and after the Harappan civilization in the Indus Valley region, which are called Early and Late Harappan respectively.
(ii) It is sometimes developed to differentiate the Harappan civilization from these cultures. Also called Harappan culture.
Q.3. Name the different animals found in the Harappan culture.
Ans.
(i) Sheep, goat, buffalo, and pig in domesticated cattle, etc
(ii) Wild species including deer, alligators, boar, etc. Remains of fish and birds have also been found.
Q.4. What was the use of concave millstones?
Ans.
(i) Many concave millstones have been found at Harappan sites, especially at Mohenjodaro. Scholars estimate that grains were ground with their help.
(ii) These mills were mainly made of hard, pebble, igneous, or sandstone.
Q.5. What are the reasons for the plight of the Harappan site?
Ans.
(i) Many ancient structures of the Harappan site have been destroyed. In fact, it was badly destroyed by bricklayers.
(ii) As early as 1875, Alexander Cunningham, the First General of the Archaeological Survey of India, wrote that the number of bricks carried from the ancient site was “about 100 miles” long at Lahore. There was enough to lay bricks for the railway track between Multan.
Q.6. Describe the extent of Harappan culture.
Ans. The Harappan culture extended from Jammu in the north to the banks of the Narmada in the south. It extended from the Makran coast of Balochistan in the west to Meerut in the northeast. It is triangular in shape and its area is about 1,299,600 sq. km.
Q.7. Define the term cultural. Give an example from Indian history.
Ans. Archaeologists use the term culture to refer to a group of ancient objects that are of a similar style and that usually belong together, to a specific geographic region and dynast.
Example – The Harappan culture is the oldest urban culture in the Indian subcontinent, it is also called the Indus Valley Civilization.
Q. 8. Write the names of the special items related to the Harappan civilization. Where are these substances obtained from?
Ans. Typical objects belonging to the Harappan culture include seals, their arms, stone blades, and burnt bricks. All the above items have been obtained from the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent.
Q. 9. Mention the nomenclature and stages of the Harappan culture.
Ans.
The Harappan civilization was named after the place called Harappa, where this culture was first discovered. There are two stages of this culture:-
(i) Early civilizations.
(ii) Late Harappan or Mature Harappan culture.
Q. 10. Mention the names of the means used by the Harappans for irrigation.
Ans. Canals, wells, and water storage places were mainly used by the Harappans for irrigation. Their details are as follows-
(i) Signs of Harappan canals have been found at a site called Sotugai in Afghanistan.
(ii) Wells were also used for irrigation by the Harappans.
A water well (pond) has been found in a place called Dholavira. It was used for water storage, and for irrigation of agriculture.
Q. 11. Mention the various uses of utensils.
Ans. Some utensils (such as millstones) are used for grinding grain or food items.
This pot in the Indus Valley was used. These vessels were made of stones, metals, and clay.
Q.12. Write the names of the Artisans of the people of Chanhudaro.
Ans. (i) Bead making, (ii) Rock cutting, (iii) Metalwork, (iv) Stamp making, (v) Weights
Q. 13. Name three centers where relics used to make beads attached to specific drills have been found.
Ans. (i) Chanhudaro, (ii) Lothal, (iii) Dholavira.
Q.14. Write the names of the two largest cities of the Indus Valley Civilization.
Ans. (i) Mohenjodaro, (ii) Harappa.
Q.15. Name three regions outside the Indian subcontinent whose Harappan
Ans.
(i) Oman,
(ii) Dilmun,
(iii) Mesopotamia.
Q. 16. Name three means of transport for the Harappan people.
Ans.
(i) bullock carts,
(ii) boats,
(iii) ships.
Q. 17. Name the objects which were used by the Harappans for writing.
Ans.
(i) Seals,
(ii) Copper tools,
(iii) Black stripes on the rims of jars,
(iv) Tables made of copper and clay,
(v) Jewellery,
(vi) Bone slabs.
(vii) writing on the marked board,
(viii) writing on soluble substances also Used to be done.
These soluble substances got depleted with the passage of time.
Q.18. Do you think that literacy was widespread among the Harappans?
Ans. We cannot say with any certainty that literacy among the Harappans was too widespread. Yes, we can regularly say that many people were literate only then there is evidence (evidence) of the use of the script on various objects.
Q. 19. Who is generally called the father of Indian Archeology?
Ans. Alexander Cunningham is generally called the father of Indian archaeology. And it was perfect.
Q. 20. Name the six places where the Harappan culture flourished and also mention the names of the respective regions.
Ans.
(i) Harappa (Punjab),
(ii) Mohenjodaro (Sindh),
(iii) Chanhudaro (Sindh)
(iv) Loyal(Gujarat),
(v) Kalibangan (Rajasthan),
(vi) Banawali (Haryana).
Q.21. From which sources do we get knowledge of Harappan culture?
Ans. There are many sources of information about Harappan culture:-
(i) Through the roads, streets, buildings, baths, etc. obtained from the excavation of various sites, information about the city planning, architecture, and living conditions of the people is obtained.
(ii) Art craft items like spindles, clay toys, metal idols, jewelry, pottery, etc. give information about various occupations and social conditions.
(iii) Knowledge of religion, script, etc. comes from clay seals.
Q.22, What do you know about the public bath of Mohenjodaro?
Ans.
(i) The public baths of Mohenjo Daro in Sindh are huge baths. Whose reservoir is in the mound of the fort?
(ii) It is a beautiful specimen of architecture. Its length is 11.88 m, width is 7.01 m and depth is 2.43 m. In addition, there are stairs, changing rooms, a well, and a drain for dirty water.
(iii) It was used on religious occasions.
Q. 23. On the basis of which facts can you say that the people of Indus were clean and Used to take special care of their health?
Ans.
(i) The houses of the people of the Harappan culture were pucca and were built along roads and streets.
(ii) Covered drains were made to take out the dirty water of the houses, whose water used to go outside the city.
(iii) Bathrooms and wells etc. have been found in most of the houses.
(iv) Tanks were made at various places to collect the garbage.
Q. 24. Which objects are found in the burials of Harappa and why?
Ans.
(i) Items of daily use like utensils, pots, ornaments, copper mirrors, etc. have been found in the burials of Harappa.
(ii) There was probably a belief behind it that these things could be used after death. Jewelry has been found in the burials of both men and women.
Learn this chapter with help of a video by the Simran Sahani
Q. 25. Describe the moles and measures of the Harappan period.
Ans.
(i) The townspeople used measures and weights for the needs of trade and exchange.
(ii) They used watts in a mole which was used in 16 or its multiples 8, 16, 64, 80, 160, 320, and 640, etc.
(iii) Scale was used to measure. wood and bronze with measurement marks.
Q. 27. Was the Indus civilization an urban civilization? Or, Describe the characteristics of the civic life of this civilization.
Ans. The Indus civilization was an urban civilization. This is clear from the following points-
(i) In this culture, roads were built in the cities which cut each other at right angles and formed intersections.
(ii) The layout of the house. These houses had all the arrangements for comfort like nets. The houses were of burnt bricks.
(iii) Fixed, covered drains were arranged to remove the dirty water from the cities.
(iv) Wells have been found in many houses for water etc.
(v) Public baths were built for special occasions
Q.28. Briefly describe the construction of drains in the Indus Valley Civilization.
Ans. One of the most unique features of Harappan cities was the carefully planned drainage system. If you look at the map of the lower city, you will find that the streets and lanes were laid out in almost a ‘grid’ pattern, crossing each other at right angles.
It appears that the street was first laid out with the drains and then houses were built adjacent to them. If the sewage was to be connected to the street drains, then at least one wall of each house had to be adjacent to the street.
Q. 29. What activities were done in the courtyard of the house?
Ans. The courtyards of the buildings belonging to the Hadmai civilization centers were probably the center of activities such as cooking and harvesting, especially in hot and dry weather.
Often this place was used to maintain the privacy of the family members.
Q.30. Why is Harappa Sanskriti called Bronze Age Civilization?
Ans.
(i) The people of Harappa knew the method of making bronze by mixing tin with copper.
(ii) The people of Harappa could reach the pinnacle of progress only with the help of bronze.
They developed urban civilization. Therefore, the Harappan culture is called the Bronze Age civilization.
Q.31. Compared to other civilizations, our knowledge about the Indus Valley Civilization Why is it less?
Ans. (i) The script of that period has not been read to date.
(ii) Studying the archaeological remains only, we have been able to get knowledge about the city civilization (time and development of civilization, etc.) on the basis of estimation, while the main basis of information regarding other civilizations is the reading of their script.
Q.32. Write the names of major cities of Harappan culture.
Ans. Following are the main cities of Harappan culture-
1. Harappa,
2. Mohenjodaro,
3. Ropar,
4. Kalibanga,
5. Lothal,
6. Banawali.
Q.33. How were beads made from carnelian?
Ans. The red colour of carnelian, the yellow raw material, and the various variables of production
“Nakas” was obtained by cooking them in a fire. The first rough shapes of stone nodules. These were broken and then finely flaked and given a final shape.
This process was completed by grinding-polishing and making holes in them. Special piercing tools have been found at Chanhudadi, Lothal, and more recently at Palavira.
Q.34. What objects do archaeologists look for to identify production centres?
Ans. In order to identify production centers, archaeologists look for the following objects –
(i) stone blocks,
(ii) complete shells,
(iii) raw materials
(iv) tools,
(v) incomplete objects,
(vi) abandoned objects,
(vii) Garbage.
Q.35. What is the evidence of the Harappan civilization’s connection with Oman (Arabia)?
Ans.
(i) Oman was situated at the southwest end of the Arabian Peninsula. Probably the Harappan copper came from here. Chemical analysis shows that both Omani copper and Harappan antiquities contain traces of nickel, indicating a common origin.
(ii) A Harappan jar has been found in Omani sites. A layer of black soil was offered on this jar.
Q.36. Mention two features of the Harappan script.
Ans.
(i) Although the Harappan script has not been deciphered to date, it is certainly not alphabetic because each sign of the alphabet represents a vowel or a consonant.
(ii) This script was written from right to left because the gap is wide on the right and narrow on the left.
Q.37. What progress has been made in Harappan archaeology?
Ans.
(i) In the 1980s, the interest of people in Harappan archeology was increasing at the international level. Experts from the subcontinent and abroad have been working jointly at both Harappa and Mohenjodaro.
(ii) They use modern scientific techniques or experiments in which soil, stone, metal
exploration of the earth’s surface to obtain objects remains of plants and animals, as well as Includes analysis of every microscopic piece of available evidence.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS | Class 12 history Ch-1 Notes
Q. 1. Describe agricultural technology in the Harappan civilization.
Ans. Agricultural technology of Harappan civilization-
(i) It is known from the evidence received that the main occupation of the people of the Harappan civilization was agriculture. Grain grains have been obtained from many places here. This indicates agriculture.
(ii) Marking of Taurus or Bull is found on the seals. Several terracotta figurines of Vrishabha were also found. Scholars are of the view that Taurus was used for plowing the field and for carts.
(iii) People used to plow the fields with a plow. Models of clay plows have been found in many sites in Cholistan like Banawali (Haryana). Evidence of plowed fields has also been found in Kalibangan (Rajasthan).
(iv) stone blades or metal fixed in wooden handles for harvesting crops of Tools were used.
(v) Canals and wells were used for irrigation.
Q.2. Write the chief of Mohenjodaro as a planned urban center.
Ans. Mohenjodaro as a planned urban center
(i) Perhaps the most unique aspect of the Harappan civilization was the development of urban centers. Let us look at one such center, Mohenjodaro, in more detail. Although Mohenjodaro is the most famous site, the first site to be discovered was Harappa.
(ii) The settlement is divided into two parts, one smaller but built on higher ground and the other much larger but built lower down. Archaeologists call them the citadel and the lower city respectively.
(iii) The lower city was also surrounded by a wall. Apart from this, many buildings were built on high platforms which served as foundations. It has been estimated that if a worker carried one cubic meter of soil per day, four million man-days would have been required to build the foundations alone, i.e. labor on a very large scale.
(iv) All the building work of the city was confined to a certain area on the platforms. It appears, therefore, that the settlement was first planned and then implemented accordingly. Other features of planning include bricks, either sun-dried or baked in ovens, which were of a fixed proportion, where the length and width was four times and twice the height respectively. These types of bricks were used in all Harappan mounds.
Q. 3. How was the configuration of Harappan cities? Describe its peculiarities.
Ans. Layout and major features of Harappan cities – The network of Harappan cities was like a network. The cities were built according to a definite plan.
The following are the most important features or features –
(i) Roads were built in the cities which cut each other at right angles. The streets were connected with the streets. Due to roads and streets, the city was divided into many sections.
(ii) Houses were built along roads and streets. Both the cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro had forts. The ruling class lived in these forts. Outside the forts, burnt brick houses were built in which the common people lived.
(iii) The major public places of Mohenjodaro are the huge baths located in the fort. It’s 11.88 m long, and 7.01 m. wide and 2.43 meters deep. It was used on important occasions.
(iv) Grain godowns have also been built in Harappan cities. There are 6 inner chambers in Harappa city.
(v) The evacuation of these cities was very important.
(vi) Almost all the houses had bathrooms, wells, courtyards, etc. In this way, the layout of the Harappan cities was of a very high order.
Q. 4. Describe the main occupations of the Harappan people.
Ans. The Harappa people used to do many businesses. Because of this people were prosperous and happy. Their main occupation was agriculture. These people used to cultivate wheat, gram, etc.
Their second main occupation was animal husbandry. Bullock, goat, pig, buffalo, camel etc. were the main domesticated animals. Among the wild animals were monkeys, bears, rabbits, panthers, and rhinos. Their third main industry was cloth making.
Jewellery making, pottery making and trading, etc. were also their main occupations. The business love of the Harappan people is clearly visible from the weights found in the excavation.
The trade was not limited to North India but spread to foreign countries as well.
Q.5. Describe the achievements of the Harappan people in the field of craft and technology. Or, Describe the art of Harappan culture.
Ans. The craft and technology of the Harappan people were very advanced. He had the following achievements in this field-
(i) The Harappans were well acquainted with the manufacture and use of bronze. Bronze was made by mixing tin with copper. Bronze tools and weapons found in Harappan sites have low tin content. In fact, tin was hardly available to them. Axes, saws, knives, etc. were made from bronze along with idols.
(ii) These people were also familiar with weaving. They used to make clothes. spindle Used to experiment. Weavers used to make cotton and woolen cloth.
(iii) The Harappans were also good masons. His art can be seen in huge buildings.
(iv) They also used to make boats.
(v) Their important craft was the making of clay seals and the making of idols.
(vi) They also used to do goldsmithing, they used to make ornaments from gold, silver, and gems.
(vii) The Harappan artisans were also experts in the manufacture of gems.
(viii) They were also familiar with potter’s art, utensils were made with the help of chalk which was smooth, and shiny.
Q.6. Observe the social differences found among the Harappan people on the basis of burial.
Ans.
(i) Archaeologists generally use several methods to find out whether there were social and economic differences among the people living in a particular culture. One of these methods is the study of burials.
You are probably familiar with the great pyramids of Egypt, some of which were contemporary with the Harappan civilization.
(ii) The script of the Harappan culture has not yet been deciphered due to which its date is not known and detailed information is not available in different areas.
(iii) In the absence of a date, definite information is not received about literature, customs, living conditions, or religious activities.
(iv) It is not known for certain where the citizens of the Harappa culture belonged.
(v) Ancient literary evidence of Harappan culture is not available.
(vi) A definite conclusion cannot be drawn on the basis of hieroglyphs.
Q.7. Describe the main sites of Harappan culture.
Ans. There is information about 1000 sites of Harappan culture, but the sites of mature Harappan culture are about a dozen, which are as follows-
(i) Harappa This site is located in Mintgumri district in western Punjab. from north of
(ii) Mohenjodaro — It is situated on the banks of the Indus river in the Larkana district of Sindh.
(iii) Chanhudaro-It is 130 km in the southeast direction from Mohenjodaro. Is located at a distance. The remains of the city have also been found here. is 1
The remains of a large and prosperous city were found
(iv) Lothal This site is situated in Kathiawar. According to scholars, it was a port of the Harappan culture. Probably there was also Sati practice here.
(v) Kalibangan—It is situated on the banks of the Ghaggar river in the Ganganagar district of Rajasthan. The remains of a full city have also been found here.
(vi) Dhanavali—It is in the Hisar district of Haryana. From here Harappa East and Harappa .
(vii) The coastal cities of Sutkarondor and Surkotada are the sites of mature Harappan culture.
(viii) Rangpur and Rojdi are in Tiyawar peninsula. Parts of North Harapya have been found here.
Q. 8. Compare Harappan culture and Aryan civilization. Explain the main differences between the two.
Ans. Difference between Harappan culture and Aryan civilization
(i) Aryan was a rural civilization while Harappan culture was an urban civilization.
(ii) The people of the Harappan culture were peace-loving while the Aryans preferred war. they are Well-acquainted with types of weapons.
(iii) Food of the Harappan culture The people of this civilization were both vegetarian and non-vegetarian. Fruits were also used. Wheat and gram were used as grains.
(iv) Clothing – Spinning weaving, needles, and copper buttons, etc. excavated at various sites, it appears that they were familiar with weaving and weaving and used cotton, woolen clothes.
(V) Ornaments Men used both ornaments. Rich people used to wear ornaments made of silver and other precious metals. People of the poor class used to wear those made of bone and bricks. Necklaces, coils, armlets, belts, rings, etc. were the main ornaments.
(vi) Cleanliness and Health: The people of Harappan culture paid more attention to the cleanliness of the body and the house. The remains of wells and baths show that people used to bathe and clean the house and household items. Used to collect garbage in the tank.
(vii) Recreation These people are engaged in hunting, bird-watching, fishing, chess, dance, painting, etc.
(vii) Cosmetics – quarried ivory articles, brass mirrors, lipsticks, etc.
Q. 9. Write about the public bath of Mohenjodaro.
Ans. The public bath built in Mohenjodaro has its own special importance. This is a unique specimen of the art of the people of the Indus Valley. It is estimated that this bathhouse (pond) was used for bathing by common people on religious occasions.
This lock has remained so strong that even after thousands of years, it has remained the same. Its walls are made very wide, which are made of burnt bricks and a special type of cement so that the water cannot go out on its own.
There are also stairs to get down to the pond (bath). There is also a provision for drains to drain the water.
Q.10. What is the significance of seals found from different centers of the Indus Valley Civilization?
Ans. The terracotta sculptures and seals of the Indus Valley people are typical examples of their culture. It throws considerable light on the religious practices of the Harappan people.
These people used to worship Shiva, Parvati, etc. It is all known from them only. From the point of view of art, the sculptures made by the people of the Indus Valley do not hold their answer. engraved on stamps
Q.11. How did the Harappan civilization end? Discuss.
Ans. There is a difference of opinion among scholars about how the Harappan civilization ended. The following reasons are given for its termination-
(i) The rainfall decreased in the Indus region later on. As a result, there was difficulty in agriculture and animal husbandry.
(ii) According to some scholars, the desert near it increased. As a result, salinity increased in the soil and fertility ended. Due to this, the Indus civilization declined.
(iii) According to some people, the settlements ended due to the earthquake here.
(iv) Some other people said that there was a severe flood here and the water got accumulated. Because of this people went to other places.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS | Class 12 history Ch-1 Notes
Q. 1. Discuss the various features of the Harappan culture.
Or, Describe the social, economic, and religious life of the residents of the Harappan culture.
Or, Describe the city planning, art skills, and religious beliefs of the Indus Valley.
Or, Describe the city planning, building construction, bath, and writing of the Harappan culture. What is the contribution of style?
Ans. The main features of the Harappan culture are as follows.
(i) Period – The period of the Indus Valley Civilization has not been precisely determined, because Their language was of different types, which could not be read yet. To determine its time, we have to depend on the civilizations found in other countries.
Some pottery and seals have been found in Babylon and Mesopotamia, which match the utensils and seals of the Indus Valley. The period of the ancient civilization of these countries is believed to be about 3000 years before Christ. That’s why this civilization is believed to be from 5000 years ago.
The discoveries of the Indus Valley show that at that time people mostly lived in cities. According to Dr. V. D. Pulaskar, seven levels have been found in the excavation of Mohenjo Daro. On the basis of these, this civilization can be dated from 3250 to 2750 and 2200 BC.
The developed civic life of Harappa and Mohenjodaro must have been the result of centuries of effort. Thus this civilization can be considered to be 5000 years old today.
(ii) City construction plan – It is known from the excavation of the sites that the people of that time mostly lived in the cities. According to Dr. Pulaskar, people visiting Mohenjo Daro must have been amazed to see their city’s construction. Coming to these ruins, it seems that we are standing in some modern city of Lancashire.
The city has been built with a big plan. Dr. Malle has written in this regard – “It is interesting to note that these ancient cities of the Indus and earliest yet discovered where a scheme of town planning existed.”
The city had large roads which intersected with each other to form the intersection of the modern roads. In Mackay’s view, these roads and streets were built in such a way that the incoming air and from corner to corner clean the city itself.
It is easy to say that the cleanliness of the city was in the hands of one person or more than one, but it can be said that the number of arrangements made to make the citizens happy was hardly done in ancient times.
(iii) Art of building construction – From the excavation of the Indus Valley, it is known that one-room houses to big buildings were built. There were many types of dwelling houses, which were mostly made of burnt bricks and mud. The houses were of several floors. Stairs were often used to go up. Skylights and doors were used to let air and sunlight into the houses. Every house had a kitchen and a bathroom. The second type of building was known as the Pooja Griha or the Public Hall which was used to conduct the business of the state. The third type of building was the public bath. Probably the biggest bathhouse was in Mohenjodaro.
(iv) Craft and technology: In addition to the art of building construction, the people of the Indus Valley had made special progress in sculpture, the art of carving, the art of making pottery, and painting. It is clear from the sculptures of humans and animals found here that the people of the Indus Valley were very clever in sculpture. Many seals, which have been excavated, are beautifully engraved with different types of pictures. Like a bull, bull, stag, elephant, etc. The people of Mohenjodaro and Harappa have made different types of pottery, which were kept lacquered and polished like today. This polished ware is the first specimen of its kind in the world.
(v) Writing Art: Like Egypt and Sumeria, the people of the Indus Valley were also deprived of writing. In their currencies, where there were pictures of humans and different animals, along with some articles, some more than 400 picture signs have been received. Attempts have been made to read this script for the past several years, but no one has been successful in reading it so far. When such hieroglyphs of Egypt and Sumeria have been studied, the day is not far when the secret of the Indus Valley script will also be revealed.
(vi) Agriculture and Industry – The food of the inhabitants of the Indus Valley was very simple. They used more things made of wheat and milk. Vegetables were also a staple of their diet. His main occupation was agriculture. Most of the seeds and wheat were cultivated. Apart from this, his second main blessing was to raise animals.
FAQs
it is known that one-room houses to big buildings were built. There were many types of dwelling houses, which were mostly made of burnt bricks and mud. The houses were of several floors. Stairs were often used to go up. Skylights and doors were used to let air and sunlight into the houses. Every house had a kitchen and a bathroom. The second type of building was known as the Pooja Griha or the Public Hall which was used to conduct the business of the state. The third type of building was the public bath. Probably the biggest bathhouse was in Mohenjodaro.
Ans; J. Fleet.
Ans: The father of the Harappan civilization John Marshall (archaeologist).
Ans; Indus Valley Civilization was first discovered at a place called Harappa. That’s why it is called Harappan culture.
